西班牙专利ES2696427A2 Composite system and method for reinforcing, in particular, structures made from reinforced concrete

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专利摘要:
The invention concerns a composite system for reinforcing, in particular, structures made from reinforced concrete or masonry comprising a curable or cured matrix and a textile reinforcement grid, and said two elements taken as such. The aim of the invention is for this system to make it possible to produce a cured composite structure having improved mechanical properties, both in the short term and in the long term (e.g. flexing behaviour, hardness, bending/compression resistance, durability, cohesion). This aim is achieved by the system of the invention in which the grid comprises at least one layer formed: - both from a framework consisting of flat warp yarns and weft yarns; - and from a network binding the framework; characterised in that the binding network is such that it ensures the geometric regularity and dimensional stability of the meshes of the framework, before the grid is applied to the structure to be reinforced. The invention also concerns a method for reinforcing, in particular, structures made from reinforced concrete or masonry, the composite structure obtained from this method, the dry and wet formulations of the curable matrix, and consolidated structures, in particular made from reinforced concrete or masonry.
公开号:ES2696427A2
申请号:ES201890004
申请日:2016-07-29
公开日:2019-01-15
发明作者:Eric Houel
申请人:Parexgroup SA；
IPC主号:

专利说明:

[0001]
[0002] COMPOSITE SYSTEM FOR CONSOLIDATION OF WORKS, PROCEDURE FOR CONSOLIDATION OF WORKS IN ARMED OR MASONRY CONCRETE, AND USE OF COMPOSITE STRUCTURE
[0003]
[0004] The technical field of the invention is that of consolidation specifically for reinforced concrete or masonry works, such as buildings, civil engineering constructions (bridges, tunnels, pipelines ...).
[0005]
[0006] In particular, the invention relates to a system consisting of consolidation specifically for reinforced concrete or masonry works including a hardenable matrix and a textile reinforcement grid, as well as a consolidation process for reinforced concrete or masonry works and the use of said grid and of a composite structure obtained with said process.
[0007]
[0008] STATE OF THE ART
[0009] The works in reinforced concrete or masonry are buildings that can be built with agglomerate, reinforced concrete or other, bricks, stone, cement, plaster, slats, millstone, masonry, mortar, ashlar stone, stone, tapial, plaster bricks . These buildings are subject to alterations caused by the efforts that they support and / or by climatic or environmental aggressions of any nature, including seismic, and / or eventually by defects of design and / or execution.
[0010]
[0011] On the other hand, the destiny of a building can change. A house can, for example, be transformed into a place for an industrial tertiary activity. Such change may be accompanied by a modification of the efforts supported by the building. It can be, for example, an increasing evolution of the load that a floor can support. All these causes require strengthening the structure of the affected constructions.
[0012]
[0013] Some known reinforcement methods consist of gluing tissues or lamellas of carbon fibers on the elements of the structure (floors, beams, walls, posts, tunnels, pipes). These fabrics or lamellae are impregnated with hardenable resin (epoxy resin) and fixed on the elements of the structure. After a hardening fast of the resin, a composite of fabric or carbon / resin lamella is obtained that increases the mechanical strength as well as the ductility of the consolidated work.
[0014]
[0015] These known methods present two substantial drawbacks:
[0016] -epoxy resins should be applied only on dry substrates (no adhesion on wet concrete);
[0017] -in the sanitary plane, they are potentially toxic, polluting and susceptible to emit dangerous emanations in case of fire.
[0018]
[0019] From the patent application DE19525508A1, a method is known for optimizing the durability of parts of a concrete or masonry building, by means of a multilayer coating obtained by application, on at least one surface of said parts of the building, of a mineral matrix formed by a layer of hydraulic mortar [cement (1): ash (0.33): water (0.36): sterol / acrylate dispersion (0.12)], reinforced by a lattice or porous textile based in glass fibers, carbon, or aramid, which has a modulus of elasticity above 20000 N / mm2, an elongation at break greater than 0.4% and surface densities greater than 75 g / m2. The latticework or the porous textile are included in the mortar not yet hardened. These operations of forming a layer of hydraulic mortar and including a lattice or a porous textile are repeated at least once. Each time, the lattice or porous textile is provided within the mortar layer not yet hardened, to form a hardened compound in which the hardened mortar forms a matrix well intermixed by the lattice or the porous textile.
[0020]
[0021] European patent EP0994223B1 discloses a thermally treated fabric, useful as a framework for construction work, in which the warp is constituted by filaments whose fibers (carbon filaments 12K 800 tex) have high modules, a coefficient of elasticity at tension greater than 10 GPa and an elastic limit to the tension superior to 600MPa, and in which the frame is constituted by filaments of glass (60 tex) covered by a thermo-adherent polymeric material (40 tex / hot melted polyamide) whose melting temperature is comprised between 40 and 250 ° C. The amount of thermo-adherent polymeric material is between 10 and 300% by weight with respect to the glass filaments. This fabric is applied to the building structures using an impregnation resin. For this, the surface of the structure of the building in question is coated with a layer of impregnation resin, the reinforcement fabric is included in this first layer, a second layer of impregnation resin is applied, reinforcing fabric is again included in this second layer on which a third layer of impregnation resin is placed.
[0022]
[0023] The European patent EP1245547B1 discloses a cement mortar intended to be used to reinforce the building elements, in combination with lattices of synthetic fibers (carbon fiber, aramid, glass, polyethylene polyester or other) whose mesh size is between 10 and 10 mm. and 35mm. The mortar includes cement, a fluidizing copolymer resin, a thixotropic additive derived from cellulose such as methylhydroxyethylcellulose or methylcellulose, a fine filler based for example on quartz (500 microns), fly ash or a marble powder and eventually silica, as well as other additives.
[0024]
[0025] European patent EP1893793B1 proposes an improvement of the reinforcing lattices used in the consolidation means for building elements, disclosed by EP1245547B1. This improvement consists in that the fibers constituting said reinforcement lattices are fibers of poly [(1,2-D: 5,4-D ') benzobisoxazol-2,6-diyl-1,4-phenylene].
[0026]
[0027] EXPLANATION OF THE INVENTION
[0028] Technical problem - Objectives of the invention
[0029] All these technical proposals of the previous state of the art are secondary adjustments that do not allow to achieve significant improvements, especially in the mechanical properties of composite reinforcement structures (cement matrix / carbon and / or glass fabric) for buildings or engineering works civil.
[0030]
[0031] The present invention has the objective of efficiently reinforcing a structure of a construction especially in terms of mechanical properties of reinforced composite structures in constructions or civil engineering works, said reinforcement being particularly useful when modifying a building, for example.
[0032]
[0033] According to a first aspect, a composite system is proposed for the consolidation of works, especially reinforced concrete or masonry. Said system includes a grid of textile reinforcement and a hardenable matrix to intermix uniformly with said reinforcing grid.
[0034]
[0035] Said reinforcing grid includes at least one layer formed, on the one hand, by a framework constituted by warp filaments and by flat weft filaments, and, on the other hand, by a binding network of the framework.
[0036]
[0037] The framework of the framework is adapted to join warp filaments and flat weft filaments of the frame (preferably carbon). The tying net presents slits that have a geometric regularity that ensures the dimensional stability under stress of the meshes of the frame, before applying the grid on the work to be consolidated.
[0038]
[0039] The tying net is an armor constituted by warp elements and by raster elements. The armor is without gauze; and each warp member of said reinforcement includes at least two tie filaments, preferably two, and each weft element of said frame includes at least one tie filament, preferably one. The two warp filaments cross over the weft filament, providing excellent stability at the crossing points.
[0040]
[0041] The frame is preferably nonwoven. In practice, the frame filaments of the frame are preferably arranged on the warp filaments of this frame, such warp filaments form the face of the frame intended to come into contact with the work to be consolidated. The superposition of the weft filaments on the warp filaments allows to obtain a flat and rectilinear surface.
[0042]
[0043] On the other hand, each of the weft filaments and the warp filaments of the frame is constituted by a bundle of filaments. All the filaments of a bundle can be made from a single material and can be made from different materials, each filament being made from a single material (for example metal filaments / filaments of plant material (for example hemp), including they can be made with one and the same material and / or different materials, each filament being made from several materials, all the combinations for the same beam or for all or part can be contemplated.
[0044] Preferably, each of the warp filaments and the frame filaments of the frame is constituted by a bundle of filaments or fibers, preferably carbon, grouped together. These filaments or fibers, preferably carbon, are not mechanically joined to each other, so that their width and thickness can vary depending on the tension of the filaments.
[0045]
[0046] The grid may preferably be presented, for example, in the form of rolls or in the form of plates.
[0047]
[0048] In a dimensional stability test under tension, TS, the deformation of a sample of the 40x40 cm textile reinforcement grid suspended by its two upper corners in a vertical plane, subjected to a tensile stress by a mass of 1 kg hooked to the center of the lower edge of the sample is less than or equal to 2.5 cm. In other cases, the deformation of said sample suspended by its two upper corners in a vertical plane, subjected to a tensile stress by a mass of 2 kg hooked to the center of the lower edge of the sample may be less than or equal to 5 cm.
[0049]
[0050] The present composite system allows to produce a hardened composite structure endowed with optimized mechanical properties and this, both in the short and long term for example bending behavior, hardness, resistance to bending / compression, durability, cohesion).
[0051]
[0052] Said hardened composite structure is mechanically resistant and sufficiently ductile to better assume its function of consolidating works in reinforced concrete or masonry. In addition, the said structure is easy to install on site by an operator during consolidation, does not require special storage conditions, either for the reinforcing grid or for the matrix, and can adhere perfectly to the support to be consolidated, especially in conditions of wet application. Furthermore, said hardened composite structure can be produced irrespective of the morphology of the work to be consolidated, especially in the case of pipelines, in particular sewer system pipelines. Finally, the present composite structure can be used to increase the resistance to seismic loads of the works in reinforced concrete or masonry.
[0053] On the other hand, the textile reinforcement grid can be easily manufactured on an industrial scale.
[0054]
[0055] On the other hand, the present system allows to easily cover the channeling to consolidate them, in particular the sewer network pipes, and is ecocompatible, avoiding the use of compounds susceptible to be harmful to the operators and / or the environment.
[0056] On the other hand, the hardenable matrix is a dry composition (for example cement) which, after its filling with a liquid (for example water), results in a wet formulation that is easily sprayable, easy to implement, with a consistency and a viscosity of paste that allows pumping by a machine to project and a capacity of work long enough in order to carry out the filling and make the structure of consolidation, remaining economical, and stable after the filling.
[0057]
[0058] The merit of the inventors is to have shown that one of the key points for this type of matrix / textile reinforcement composite structures is the optimization of the anchor of the matrix in the textile frame. In particular, the inventors have found that it is important to achieve good mixing and uniform intermixing of the cement matrix through the slits of the reinforcing fabric. A homogeneous inclusion of the reinforcement fabric in the cement matrix is in effect a means to avoid mechanical shearing phenomena, capable of nullifying the consolidation sought.
[0059]
[0060] The described system supposes a solution to the previous problem, which includes at least in part the implementation of a textile reinforcement that includes a means of geometric and dimensional stabilization of the network.
[0061]
[0062] In one example, at least a part of the filaments of the grid are coated / impregnated with at least one polymer, preferably chosen in the group that includes, or better yet is constituted by:
[0063]
[0064] - (co) (meth) acrylic polymers, advantageously selected from the subgroup which includes - or better still consists of - the alkyl ester copolymers which advantageously includes 1 to 8 carbon atoms, with acrylic acid, or methacrylic acid, especially those chosen in the family that includes-or better yet it consists of preferably methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, ethyl hexyl acrylate and their corresponding ones with methacrylic acid; and its mixtures;
[0065] - (co) polymers of vinyl esters advantageously selected in the sub-group which includes-or better still consists of- the homopolymers and the vinyl acetate copolymers, especially those chosen in the family that includes-or better still constituted by- the vinyl acetate and ethylene copolymers, vinyl chloride (co) polymers such as vinyl chloride and ethylene copolymers, vinyl laurate (co) polymers, vinyl versatate (co) polymers, (co) polymers of vinyl esters of alpha monocarboxylic acids, saturated or not, branched or unbranched, advantageously including 9 or 10 carbon atoms, the homopolymers of vinyl esters of alkyl carboxylic acids, saturated or not, branched or not, which advantageously includes from 3 to 8 carbon atoms, copolymers of these latter homopolymers with ethylene, vinyl chloride, and / or other vinyl esters; and its mixtures;
[0066] - (co) polymers of styrene with butadiene or with one or more acrylic esters advantageously selected from the subgroup including - or better yet, constituted by the ethylenically unsaturated alkyl esters, advantageously comprising from 1 to 8 carbon atoms of acid ( met) acrylic, preferably methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, ethyl hexyl acrylate and their homologs with methacrylic acid; and its mixtures;
[0067] - (co) thermo-fusible polymers, advantageously selected in the sub-group that includes-or better still consists of- polyethylenes, polypropylenes, polyesters, polyamides, ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) copolymers, and its mixtures;
[0068]
[0069] and its mixtures.
[0070]
[0071] Preferably, the weft filaments and the warp filaments of the frame are comprised in two parallel planes.
[0072]
[0073] The network can include carbon in an amount (in g / m2) comprised in the following intervals -according to an order of increasing preference-: [150-500]; [170-300]; [180-280];
[0074] [190-260]; [200-250].
[0075] Each warp element of the armor may comprise two warp-tie filaments and each weft element of the armor may comprise a weft-tie filament. One of the two tying strands can pass through the same side C1 of all the frame strands of the frame, the other warp tying strand can pass through the same side C2 opposite C1 of all the frame strands of the frame , and between two successive frame strands of the frame, the warp tie strands can be crossed before the weave tie filament, go through both part of the weave tie strand and then cross again to enclose the strand of frame of the frame.
[0076]
[0077] The hardenable matrix can be mineral and / or organic. Said hardenable matrix may comprise one or more mineral and / or organic binders. Preferably, the curable matrix may comprise 100 parts dry weight of binder; 1 - 4000 parts dry weight, and in an increasing order preferably, 5 -2000 parts dry weight; 10 -1000 parts of dry weight; 20 - 500 parts of dry weight of mineral charges; 0.01 - 1000 parts dry weight, and in an increasing order preferably, 0.05-800 parts dry weight; 0.1-500 parts dry weight; 0.5 - 200 parts dry weight; 1-50 parts dry weight with at least one resin; 0-500 parts dry weight of additives, and preferably 0.01-50 parts dry weight.
[0078]
[0079] In a second aspect, the invention relates to a method of consolidating works in reinforced concrete or masonry comprising the step of mixing the matrix of the system described, with a liquid, preferably water, to obtain a wet matrix and fill the grid.
[0080]
[0081] Said method can comprise the step of projecting the wet matrix onto the work, preferably by means of a pump, placing the network on the non-hardened matrix and carrying out a pasting of the grid, preferably with the help of a trowel.
[0082]
[0083] Preferably, said steps of projecting the wet matrix, placing the network on the matrix and pasting the grid are repeated "n" times, with "n" being between 1 and 3 times, and these operations can be carried out on the surface of the matrix previously projected and not hardened or at least partially hardened.
[0084] Said process may comprise the step of projecting a liquid, preferably water, with all or part of the components of the matrix, the rest of the components then being incorporated progressively into the mixture, if this has not been done previously.
[0085]
[0086] In practice, the grid is placed so that the warp direction of the grid is arranged on the axis of the effort to be dissipated, and a layer of mortar is applied on the area to be reinforced by the work, manually or in a manner mechanized. The grille is then placed over the mortar layer, for example, with the help of a trowel, and then the system is finished by applying a final layer (mechanical or manual application). This operation can preferably be repeated up to three times by superposition.
[0087]
[0088] In the method described, the structure can have an elastic tensile modulus MTE less than or equal to, in MPa and in a preferred increasing order 100,000, 80,000, 70,000 MPa.
[0089]
[0090] Said method of consolidating works in reinforced concrete or masonry described has been seen to be easily implemented in varied contexts, and is economical.
[0091]
[0092] In a third aspect, the invention also relates to the use of a grid according to the system described for consolidating especially a reinforced concrete or masonry work, by pasting, with the aid of a hardenable matrix mixed with a liquid, preferably water.
[0093]
[0094] The invention also relates to the use of a composite structure obtained with the method described above to increase the resistance to seismic loads of a work in reinforced concrete or masonry.
[0095]
[0096] Throughout this exposition, all singular means indistinctly a singular or plural.
[0097] The definitions given below, by way of example, can be used to interpret this exhibition:
[0098] • "mortar" means a dry or wet or hardened mixture of one or more organic and / or mineral binders, granules with a diameter of <5mm (sand -added) and possibly fillers and / or additives and / or adjuvants.
[0099] • "Significantly" means more or less about 10%, in particular about 5%, per unit of measurement used.
[0100] • The term "d50" refers in this exposition to the granulometry criterion, and designates the average diameter. This means that 50% of the particles have a smaller size than "d50". The granulometry is measured using sieving following the EN12192-1 standard
[0101]
[0102] The grid according to the invention allows to obtain an optimum reinforcement of the material on which the system is applied, with a dimensional stability under stress. This characteristic is preferably associated with the geometric regularity of the grid that allows a homogeneous absorption of the stresses on the whole of the surface benefited by the reinforcement;
[0103]
[0104] The dimensional stability under stress, and advantageously the geometric regularity, directly influence the ability of the grid to absorb in a homogeneous way, the efforts on the whole of the surface benefited by the reinforcement.
[0105]
[0106] In addition to the dimensional stability under stress indicated above, geometric regularity can also be appreciated by means of a TR test defined below:
[0107]
[0108] The deviation-standard in% in relation to the average of the surfaces of a random panel of 20 slits of the frame (in the attached figures, the frame is designated by reference 2 and the slits or meshes of this frame are designated by the reference 4 -Figs.1 & 7) or a panel of 20 slits of the tying grid (in the attached figures, the tying grid is designated by reference 3 and the slits or meshes of this tying grid are designated by reference 5 -Fig.7), a grid sample of 40x40 cm is less than or equal to 15%, preferably 10%, and more preferably even 8%.
[0109]
[0110] This dimensional stability under the grid, and, advantageously, the geometrical regularity of this grid especially just after its manufacture, also after its roll-up immediately after its manufacture guarantee its anti-deformation capacity and are secured, especially for the grid of tying the frame.
[0111] The aforementioned dimensional stability under stress, as well as the geometrical regularity have their origin in the coating of the grid, allow to "solidify" the assembly during the process of making the grid and ensure an almost perfect dimensional stability of the grid in the course of the requirements that may occur during the maintenance stages prior to their placement, as well as when reinforcement is applied.
[0112]
[0113] The tying net of the preferably non-woven frame is an armor constituted by warp elements and weft elements, preferably an armature having at least one of the following characteristics:
[0114]
[0115] i. it has some slits that are regular; this geometric regularity preferably being qualified as follows in a TR test of geometric regularity defined in the description:
[0116] The standard deviation in% in relation to the average of the surfaces of a 20-slit random panel 5 of the tying net of a grid sample of 40x40 cm is less than or equal to 4%, preferably 3%, and, more preferably still, 2%; ii. the warp elements and the weft elements of this reinforcement are respectively parallel to the warp filaments and the frame filaments of the frame,
[0117] iii. the cross-links of this armor are arranged (in front view) in the meshes of the frame.
[0118]
[0119] The described invention makes it possible to avoid the use of epoxy resin adhesion of fabrics or flakes of carbon fibers on the elements of the structure, which are toxic, and makes possible the adhesion of said fabrics or fiber flakes on wet concrete.
[0120]
[0121] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0122]
[0123] Other details and advantageous features of the invention will appear below in the description of an example of a preferred non-limiting mode of embodiment of the invention, with reference to the attached figures in which:
[0124] - Figure 1 is a perspective view of a preferred embodiment of the network according to the invention.
[0125] - Figure 1a is an enlarged detail view of the network according to the invention.
[0126] - Figure 2 is another schematic detail view of figure 1.
[0127] - Figure 3 is a sectional view according to the section line MI-MI of figure 2. - Figure 4 is a view of the network sample according to the invention destined to be subjected to the TS test of dimensional stability under tension.
[0128] - Figure 5 is a detailed view of a stage of manufacture of the network according to the invention in the loom used for this purpose.
[0129] - Figure 6 is a view of another stage of manufacture of the network according to the invention, i.e. the coating.
[0130] - Figure 7 is a front view of the network according to the invention.
[0131] - Figure 8 shows on its left side a perspective view of the specimen used in an almost static uniaxial tensile behavior test, of the composite system according to the invention, on its right side a perspective view of the specimen placed in each of these 2 extremities of a union with the testing machine, and in its central part of a detail of this union.
[0132] - Figure 9 is an average tensile pressure curve (MPa) as a function of deformation (mm / mm) in an almost static uniaxial tensile behavior test of the composite system according to the invention.
[0133] - Figure 10 shows in its upper part a perspective view and in its lower part a side view, of the specimen used in a thermal stability test of the composite system according to the invention.
[0134] - Figure 11 is a curve showing the evolution of the rigidity for the specimens of the type shown in figure 8 and allowing an exploratory study of the deformation of the network / matrix reinforcement composite system according to the invention .
[0135] - Figure 12 shows a SATEC type adhesive used in an evaluation of the surface cohesion of the composite system according to the invention, on a concrete support.
[0136] - Figure 13 shows the diagram of a bending frame used in the measurement tests of the bending moment on the bending beams reinforced by the composite system according to the invention.
[0137] - Figure 14 shows the curves of the load (daN) as a function of the arrow (mm) measured for beams reinforced or not by the composite system according to the invention and subjected to the bending moment test.
[0138] - Figure 15 shows the curves of the load (N) as a function of the arrow (mm) obtained in a test to measure the behavior of reinforced concrete beams, reinforced or not in front of the shear stress, by a system composed according to with the invention
[0139] - Figure 16 shows the identification of the mechanical characterization parameters of the hardened composite structure, especially the elastic tensile modulus MTE.
[0140]
[0141] DETAILED EXHIBITION OF REALIZATION MODES
[0142]
[0143] The system consisting of consolidation of works, especially reinforced concrete or masonry, according to the invention comprises a hardenable matrix and a textile reinforcement grid.
[0144]
[0145] I- grid
[0146] Structure:
[0147] The grid has the reference 1 in the figures. It can be assimilated with a lattice made up of a non-woven frame 2 and a binding net 3 of this frame 2.
[0148]
[0149] The latter is made up of flat carbon 2 ° c warp filaments that intersect with 2 ° flat weft filaments also of carbon.
[0150]
[0151] The binding net 3 is an armature that includes warp elements 3 ° c and weft elements 3 ° t.
[0152]
[0153] The warp filaments 2 ° c and the weft filaments 2 ° t of the non-woven frame 2 are superimposed and perpendicular. The web formed by the warp filaments 2 ° c can be classified as inferior since it is intended to be applied on the work to be consolidated, while the upper web is formed by the filaments of weft 2 ° t, which have by convention in this exhibition a Face F1 and a Face F2 that are shown in Figure 3.
[0154]
[0155] In this example the warp filaments 2 ° c are simply laid on the filaments of weft 2 ° t. They are not in solidarity with one another at the level of their contact areas. The cohesion and geometric regularity of frame 2 are ensured, only preferably, by a tying net 3. According to variants of the invention, a link could be provided between the warp filaments 2 ° c and the weft filaments 2 ° t, at the level of all or part of their contact zones by example stuck and / or welding.
[0156]
[0157] The tying net 3 is a fabric or armor that is made up of 3 ° c warp elements and 3 ° t weft elements. The non-woven frame 2 is interspersed with the armor. The warp filaments 2c and the weft filaments 2 ° t of the frame are superposed and perpendicular, so that even if they are not fastened together in their contact areas, the flat warp filaments 2c are trapped between the weft filaments 2. ° t of the framework and the weft elements 3 ° t of the tying net 3.
[0158]
[0159] The perpendicular arrangement of the warp filaments 2 ° c and the weft filaments 2 ° t is also a preference, but the angle between the warp and weft could be other than 90 °, for example, between 30 ° and 120 ° , excluding 90 °.
[0160]
[0161] The grid defined by the warp filaments 2 ° c and plot 2 ° t delimits the slits 4 (see Fig. 12 and 7) in a significantly rectangular form in this example, but could be rhomboidal if the warp angle / weft frame differs of 90 °.
[0162]
[0163] Each warp filament 2 ° c and plot 2 ° t is constituted by a flat bundle of N carbon filaments. In this preferred embodiment example:
[0164]
[0165] • N is significantly equal to 12000 (800 tex).
[0166] • The tensile strength (in MPa) of each filament is significantly 4900.
[0167] • The tensile modulus (in GPa) of each filament is significantly 230.
[0168] • The elongation (in%) of each filament is significantly 2.1.
[0169] • The diameter of the filament is significantly 7 ^ m.
[0170] • The density of the filament is significantly 1.8.
[0171] •
[0172] The warp filaments 2 ° c and 2 ° t weft are preferably identical in this example, but it is not excluded to apply warp filaments 2 ° c different from each other and / or weft filaments 2 ° t identical or different from each other.
[0173] These frame filaments may correspond in particular to the carbon filaments marketed by the company TORAY CARBON FIBERS EUROPE under the designation FT300, T300, T300J, T400H, T700S, T700G, T800H, M35J, M40J, M46J, M55J, M60J, M30S, M40 , T1000G, M50J, T600S, or T800S.
[0174]
[0175] The warp elements 3 ° c and the weft elements 3 ° t of the tying net 3 together form a reinforcement in which each warp element 3 ° c comprises two strands of tying 3i ° c, 3ii ° c warp and each raster element 3 ° t comprises a filament 3 ° t of racking. The armor of the tying net 3 is an armor without gauze or leno armor.
[0176]
[0177] As can be seen more clearly in FIGS. 2 and 3, the two warp threads 3i ° c transist the entire length of the warp according to the following recurrent M motif shown in Figure 3:
[0178] • one of the warp threads 3i ° c1 passes over the face F1 of a weft filament 2 ° t 'of the frame 2, and the other warp yarn 3ii ° c2 passes over the other side F2 of said filament of frame 2 ° t 'of frame 2, in such a way that it encloses the latter;
[0179] • the two filaments of tying 3i ° c1 and 3ii ° c2 of warp are crossed a first time in the slit 4 delimited by a segment of the filament of weft 2 ° t ', by a segment opposite to the filament of the next frame 2 ° t " in the direction of the warp C in figures 2 and 3 and by the two segments in front of the two corresponding contiguous weft filaments 2 ° c of the frame 2, said slit 4 is crossed by a filament of tying 3 ° t of weft, in such a way that, after having crossed one time, the two strands of tie 3i ° c1 & 3ii ° c2 of warp go through one and the other side of the filament to tie 3 ° t of plot, then cross again a second time in the aforementioned slit 4, so that soon the warp filament 3i ° c1 passes over the face F1 of the next weft filament 2 ° t "and the warp filament 3ii ° c2 passes over the face F2 of the next weft filament 2 ° t. "
[0180]
[0181] The warp elements 3 ° c cross the weft filaments 3 ° t of the tying net 3 in the slits 4 of the frame 2, and thus they also define the regular slits 5 (see Fig. 7). The warp elements 3 ° c are significantly perpendicular to the weft threads 3 ° t of the tying net 3. The warp elements 3 ° c of the tying net 3 are significantly parallel to the warp filaments 2 ° c of the frame and the weft elements 3 ° t of the tie net 3 are significantly parallel to the weft filaments 2 ° t of the frame 2.
[0182]
[0183] The carbon filaments 2 ° t of the frame 2 in the direction of the weft are immobilized by the tying net 3, which ensures a geometrical regularity of the whole.
[0184]
[0185] According to a variant, the weft elements 3 ° t of the tying net 3 could include, such as the warp elements 3 ° c, two weft tying filaments arranged to trap the warp filaments 2 ° c of the frame 2 This further strengthens the cohesion, the resistance to deformation under stress and the regularity of the frame 2.
[0186]
[0187] Each warp filament 3i ° c, 3ii ° c and 3 ° t weft is preferably constituted by a glass filament. In this preferred embodiment, the tiling (textile) of these warp filaments is 35 / - 5, the title (textile) of the tether filaments in weft glass is 75 +/- 5. This title of 38 warp textile represents 51% of the title of 75 textile in weft.
[0188]
[0189] These glass binding filaments may correspond to the products marketed by the company FULLTECH FIBER GLASS CORPORATION with denomination ECG 75 1/0 0.7Z 172 SIZING (A-GRADE) and / or ECG 1501 / 00.7Z 172 SIZING (A-GRADE) .
[0190]
[0191] The net according to the invention can be applied indistinctly with the filaments of wefts or warps in the axis of the effort to be distributed (dissipate) (the filaments of weft and warp carbon present an almost equivalent performance against the absorption of the stress ).
[0192]
[0193] Given this fact the reinforcement can be applied to "recover" bending efforts and said "cutting" efforts.
[0194]
[0195] Manufacturing: weaving / coating-impregnation
[0196] The network 1 composed of the non-woven frame 2 in filaments 2 ° c, 2 ° t (for example of carbon) reinforced by the tying net 3, is manufactured as indicated below, for example with the help of a loom, the realization of the frame 2 and the fabric on this frame 2, of the filaments 3i ° c1, 3ii ° c2 and 3 ° t (for example of glass) according to an armor without gauze of the tying net 3.
[0197] Figure 5 shows a detail of the loom, and especially the warp tie filaments 3i ° c1, 3ii ° c2, immediately after they are crossed, and before they come to wrap a weft filament 3 ° t to tie (not yet entered the loom and that does not appear in figure 5), to then cross again, and then wrap a filament of frame 2 ° t of frame 2 (not yet entered to the loom and that does not appear in figure 5).
[0198]
[0199] The use of two warp tie filaments and the weft tie filament makes it possible for the weft carbon filaments to be "geometrically" integral with the warp carbon filaments.
[0200]
[0201] Moreover, this type of tie induces a uniform tension in the network (warp and weft senses) which allows a uniform distribution of the filaments in all directions. The geometry of each slit 4 of the frame 2 or slit 5 of the tying net 3 is very regular.
[0202]
[0203] The grid according to this example of embodiment is coated by impregnation, for example, with a pure acrylic resin whose glass transition temperature is 25 ° C, the minimum temperature of film formation is 14 ° C and whose dry extract is 46%.
[0204]
[0205] This coating / impregnation makes it possible to ensure and reinforce the dimensional stability of the assembly and the homogeneous distribution of the forces. This guarantees an effective collaboration of the set of filaments constituting the carbon filaments 2 ° c of the warp of the frame 2. The coating / impregnation functions as a "fixer" that allows the grid to resist effectively to deformation. This allows a homogeneous distribution of the stresses on the surface of the grid and on each carbon filament and facilitates its dissipation.
[0206]
[0207] The grid is preferably, and as illustrated by this example, manufactured in a continuous manner, which allows an effective management of the tensions inherent to the manufacture (loom).
[0208]
[0209] The filaments are stretched homogeneously and constantly, and then they are soaked by soaking.
[0210] Figure 6 shows the ungreased grid 1b during its circulation by the rolls 11,12 of the coating machine, one of these rolls 11 is associated with a scraper in which one of the edges is parallel to the axis of the roll 11 and is in contact with the grid 1, in such a way that it forms a receptacle containing a coating bath 13 that impregnates the grid 1 that circulates and that passes immediately between the cover roll 11 and the counter roll 12, in such a way that it is eliminated the excess coating liquid. Next, the greased grid dries.
[0211]
[0212] After this drying, the grid is collected and arranged in a roll.
[0213]
[0214] The grid according to the invention can be applied indistinctly with the warp or weft filaments on the axis of the distribution (spread) effort. The carbon filaments of the weft and warp have an almost equivalent performance against the absorption of the effort). Due to this fact, the reinforcement can be applied to "pick up" the bending stresses and said "cutting" efforts.
[0215]
[0216] -II- tests tr and ts
[0217] -II.1- TS test of dimensional stability under stress
[0218] II.1.1 Method
[0219]
[0220] This TS test consists in trimming a 40x40 cm square grid sample E in a grid roll 1. This sample E is shown in figure 4.
[0221]
[0222] As seen in Figure 4, the sample E is hooked on a graduated table 15 by means of two hooks 16 on a horizontal bar 17, such that one of the hooks 16 is fixed at a distance of 2.5 cm ( at a distance of the clamping cam attached at the top of the net) from one of the upper corners of the sample E, and the other hook at a distance of 2.5 cm from the opposite upper corner (from the axis of the fixing on the outer edge of the grid). Each hook 16 is constituted by a threaded rod of diameter 6mm, bent in order to form a hook.
[0223]
[0224] The bar is manufactured starting from a metallic profile in the form of an inverted "U" that is perforated in its base. The hook 16 is made integral with the bar in the form of "U" since it is through and secured by a nut / locknut system.
[0225] The upper edge of the sample E is aligned on the horizontal axis corresponding to the zero graduation of the graduated table 15.
[0226]
[0227] The middle slit 4 comprised in the lower terminal line of the slits 4 of the sample E is located.
[0228]
[0229] This middle slit 4 is that closest to the center of this lower terminal line of sample E.
[0230]
[0231] The position of the lower edge of the sample E located just below the middle slit 4 is reported in the graduated table 15. The value V0 is read in cm, corresponding to the length between the zero graduation of the graduated table 15 and the position of the lower edge reported in the graduated table 15.
[0232]
[0233] A weight of 1 kg or 2 kg is then hooked to the center of the sample E by means of a hook 18 which comprises a curved terminal part 19 which is inserted in the middle slit 4.
[0234]
[0235] The hook 18 is constituted by a metallic filament bent at its two ends in order to form a double stowage hook of the sample E towards the weight.
[0236]
[0237] Immediately after having positioned the weight 20, the position of the lower edge of the sample E located just below the slit 4 or 5 half is reported on the graduated table 15. The value V1 is read in cm, corresponding to the length between the zero graduation of the graduated table 15 and the position of the lower edge reported on the graduated table 15.
[0238]
[0239] The deformation is calculated in cm D1 = V1 - V0 in the case where the weight 20 is 1kg
[0240]
[0241] The deformation is calculated in cm D2 = V2 - V0 in the case where the weight 20 is 2kg
[0242]
[0243] II.1.2 Results
[0244]
[0245] V0 = 40 mm
[0246] V1 = 40 mm D1 = 0
[0247] V2 = 40 mm D2 = 0
[0248]
[0249] -II.2- TR test of geometric regularity
[0250] II.2.1 Method
[0251] This TR test consists in trimming a square sample of grid E of 40x40 cm in a roll of grid1 as obtained when leaving the manufacture and which therefore has not been unrolled or manipulated. This sample E is shown in figure 4.
[0252]
[0253] The surface is calculated in a random panel of 20 slits of this sample. In the case of a quadrangular opening, as is the case of the present preferred embodiment, the length and width of each slit is measured and finally the products of these 2 measurements to obtain the surface. In the case of a geometrical shape other than rectangular, measurements of the dimensions and appropriate calculations are made.
[0254]
[0255] The standard deviation of the surface of the slits of the frame is calculated in a random panel of 20 slits.
[0256]
[0257] The slits can be the slits or meshes 4 of the frame 2 or the slits or meshes 5 of the tying net 3.
[0258] II.2.2 Results
[0259] II.2.2.1 Carbon Framework 2 Table 1
[0260]
[0261] The sides 1 and 2 are contiguous.
[0262] The surface of the mesh is calculated as follows: side 1 x side 2 II.2.2.1 Tying net 3 glass
[0263] Table 2
[0264]
[0265]
[0266] III- Cement matrix
[0267] -1- Raw materials
[0268]
[0269] 1.1 hydraulic binder:
[0270] 1.1.1. portland cement of type CEM I 52.5N - SR5 CE PM -CP2, absolute density 3,17 g / cm3 and surface area Blaine 3590 cm2 / g.
[0271] 1.1.2. Calcium oxide with 93% minimize apparent density of the order of 1 and granulometry 0-100 ^ m.
[0272] 1.1.3.
[0273] 1.2 resin:
[0274] redispersible powder based on acrylate copolymer with density of 450 - 650 g / l, pH 7-8, glass transition temperature 10 ° C and minimum film formation temperature 0 ° C (after redispersion in water).
[0275]
[0276] 1.3 mineral charges:
[0277] 1.3.1 Calcareous filler: Pure crystalline natural calcium carbonate (CaCO3> 99%) of Mohs 3 hardness, oil absorption 20 mL / 100 g (ISO 787-5) and average diameter 8 ^ m.
[0278] 1.3.2 siliceous loads:
[0279] 1.3.2.1 siliceous sand with a particle size of 75-300 ^ m.
[0280] 1.3.2.2 siliceous sand with a particle size of 200-800 ^ m.
[0281] 1.3.2.3
[0282] 1.4 additives:
[0283] 1.4.1 thickener: amorphous silicic acid of absolute density 200 kg / m3 and specific surface 18-22 m2 / g.
[0284] 1.4.2 water collector: methylhydroxyethylcellulose viscosity rotovisko 20000 27000 mPa.s (in aqueous solution 2% / 20 ° C).
[0285] 1.4.3
[0286] -2- Operation mode:
[0287] * kg of powder including binder, resin, mineral fillers and additives are prepared and mixed for 3 minutes in a Guedu laboratory mixer (model 4.5 NO) with a useful capacity of 3.5 liters at a speed between 545 and 610 revolutions / minute.
[0288] * The 3 kg of powder obtained is pasted in a Perrier laboratory mixer for 1 minute at a speed of 140 revolutions / minute, then the walls of the bowl are scraped and the mixture is mixed for 2 minutes at a speed of 140 revolutions / minute.
[0289] Composition table 3 (partially related to the hydraulic binder part)
[0290]
[0291]
[0292]
[0293]
[0294] -IV- evaluation tests of the network / matrix composite system according to the invention IV.1 Behavior in quasi-static uniaxial traction: measurement of the elastic traction module MTE
[0295] Type of test:
[0296]
[0297] The identification of the intrinsic properties of the composite matrix / matrix system according to the invention, in the absence of a standardized procedure, is based on a direct tensile test very adapted to cavitating materials, which has been validated based on a theoretical-experimental approach [1]: "R. CONTAMINE, A. SI LARBI, P. HAMELIN" Contribution to direct tensile testing of textile reinforced concrete ( TRC) composites ". Materials Science and Engineering: A; 528 ( 2011), pp. 8589-8598 ".
[0298]
[0299] Dimensions of the test body:
[0300]
[0301] Figure 8 shows the test bodies 100 which are composed of a plate 101 of the network / matrix composite system (100 x 500 long2) as well as aluminum shanks 102 (4 x 100 x 100 long) glued (double-sized sanding with epoxy glue at the ends of the plate). Each of these rods 102 are joined by a joint 103 to the tensile testing machine. The carbon / glass grid system implemented in accordance with the invention, involves a single grating pasted with the cement matrix. The thickness of the composite system, once hardened, is 3 mm.
[0302]
[0303] Instruments:
[0304]
[0305] The test is carried out on a ZWICK universal pull machine with a capacity of 5 tons. It is a monotonic static test associated with a load increase speed of 1mm / min (until the specimen breaks).
[0306] The instruments used consist of two displacement sensors LVDT ± 20mm arranged on the two faces of the specimen in a centered (laterally and high) form. A properly arranged force sensor allows to appreciate the evolution of the applied effort.
[0307] Results / Conclusions:
[0308]
[0309] 6 identical test pieces are prepared and tested.
[0310] The analysis of the results consists of plotting the pressure / deformation curve (figure 9).
[0311] The idea is to consider an average pressure (a reasonable hypothesis, taking into account the cracking obtained) in the textile / mortar composite:
[0312] a and b: respectively the height and width of the specimen.
[0313]
[0314] The average deformation is given by the ratio of the measured displacement ALc over the measured length
[0315]
[0316]
[0317]
[0318]
[0319] ALc: displacement. Ic: Distance between sensors (200mm)
[0320]
[0321] It is possible to clearly identify in the average stress-strain curves the manifest qualitative similarities in the sense that they all exhibit a behavior characterized by 4 different phases. Figure 16 identifies the overall mechanical properties of the textile-mortar compounds studied.
[0322]
[0323] The value of the elastic tensile modulus MTE characterizes the composite structure according to the invention, especially in regard to the resistance to seismic loads that said structure is capable of delivering to the works it consolidates.
[0324] L r l ni n m i:
[0325]
[0326]
[0327]
[0328] Thus, it appears that the reproducibility of the results on the 6 specimens, both qualitative and quantitative, is established. Moreover, the laws of behavior obtained translate the good performances of the composite system network / matrix_ according to the invention. In fact, whether it is the first zone (rigidity and effort of first cracking) or the stress to rupture (in the order of 30 MPa) the properties obtained are quite interesting. Finally, the relatively high levels of initial rigidity (of the order of 50000 MPa) and the first crack stress suggest a very good initial interaction of the constituent elements of the grid / matrix composite system according to the invention.
[0329]
[0330] IV.2 Thermal stability of the network / matrix composite system according to the invention Type of test:
[0331]
[0332] The behavior with respect to the temperatures of the composite matrix / matrix according to the invention, in the absence of a test procedure specifically adapted to the textile-mortar, is evaluated by a double overlapping tensile / shear test (parallel concrete blocks assembled in two symmetrical faces through reinforcing materials). This test initially planned for polymer-based compounds, especially carbon-epoxy, is recommended by the working group of the French Association of Civil Engineering (AFGC). The sizing of the specimens and the consolidation surface are defined in order to minimize the effects of local stresses to allow exploitation in average stress.
[0333]
[0334] Dimensions of the test body:
[0335]
[0336] Figure 10 shows the concrete blocks 110 that have dimensions 140mm * 140mm * 250mm (concrete prepared and placed on site in accordance with the NF EN 18-422 standard). The carbon / glass grid system according to the invention put into practice involves a single grating covered by the cement matrix. The thickness of the composite system, once hardened, is 3mm. The reinforcement system is in the form of 2 bands 111 each having an anchor length of 200mm and a width of 50mm. The bands 111 are arranged on 2 opposite faces of the 2 blocks 110 and join them to each other keeping between their 2 faces of opposite ends, a deviation Al.
[0337]
[0338] Instruments:
[0339]
[0340] The deviation (displacement) of the two blocks (Al) is continuously recorded by displacement sensors 112 (figure 10) of the LVDT type of course ± 5mm of accuracy 10-4mm and the speed of change is 1mm / min.
[0341]
[0342] Results / Conclusions:
[0343]
[0344] - Traction / shear test at 2MPa for 30min at 20 ° C, 60 ° C and 80 ° C.
[0345] The results obtained give evidence of the absence of creep of the compound during the whole time of the test (30 minutes) whatever the test temperature (20 ° C, 60 ° C, 80 ° C). This testifies to the good resistance of the grid / matrix reinforcing composite system according to the invention, under thermally stimulated demands.
[0346] - Traction / shear test at 2MPa for 12h at 80 ° C
[0347] The results obtained validate the stability of the network / matrix reinforcement composite system according to the invention, for a service temperature of 80 ° C and shear rates of 2 MPa. Indeed, after a stabilization due to the loading, the fluence of the assembly is practically non-existent during a period of 12 hours.
[0348]
[0349] IV.3 Exploratory study of the fatigue of the grid / matrix reinforcement composite system according to the invention
[0350]
[0351] Type of test:
[0352] The absence of a standardized procedure relating to the characterization of textile / mortar compounds, led the inventors to devise a procedure adapted to the fissuring materials. It is a monotonous static fatigue test. The objective is to evaluate, on the basis of direct tensile tests, the suitability of the configuration to withstand 1000 demanding cycles. In order to better reflect the requirements that the composite grid / matrix reinforcement system according to the invention, it could be taken to bear within the framework of its repair, and the undulated pressure was considered. Therefore, during a cycle, a variation ranging from 0 to 60% of the maximum tensile stress (from 0 to 18MPa) is applied.
[0353]
[0354] Dimensions of the test body:
[0355]
[0356] The test bodies used are the same as the test bodies 100 described above and represented in FIG. 10. The carbon / glass grid system implemented in accordance with the invention comprises a single grid formed by the cement matrix. The thickness of the composite system, once hardened, is 3mm.
[0357]
[0358] Instruments:
[0359]
[0360] The test is carried out on a ZWICK universal traction machine with a capacity of 5 tons whose load increase speed is 1mm / min (until the specimen breaks). The instrument used has two displacement sensors LVDT ± 20mm that are arranged centrally on both sides of the specimen (laterally and at the top). A properly arranged force sensor allows to know the evolution of the applied effort.
[0361] Results / Conclusions:
[0362]
[0363] The analysis of the results consists mainly in assessing the macroscopic damage of the specimen taking as reference the evolution of rigidity (Young's modulus ascending E +, Young's modulus descendant E-, dissipated energy J, deformation per cycle D, cumulative residual deformation DRa, deformation to the maximum stress, cmx, accumulated DRb) shown in the graph of figure 11, where the deformation D and the residual deformation DR are shown against the applied force, F (MPa).
[0364]
[0365] The evolution of the stiffness (E + or E-), practically constant, underlines the near-absence of macroscopic degradation of the grating / matrix composite system according to the invention throughout the 1000 cycles. This verification clearly translates the good qualities of the grid / matrix reinforcing composite according to the invention, against the requirement of static pressure in 1000 cycles and suggests satisfactory performances for a significantly more significant number of cycles.
[0366]
[0367] The energy dissipated per cycle is significantly more important in the first cycle of measurement where it corresponds, in large part, to the formation of fissures. Further, its evolution is practically constant during the next 999 cycles. The same mechanisms appear (in stable proportions) from the second cycle and tend to suggest that the eventual creation of supplementary cracks from the second cycle is non-existent or marginal. This last suggestion seems to be all the more real when it is supported by the evolution of the residual deformation that remains practically stable beyond the first cycle.
[0368]
[0369] Thus, the grid / matrix reinforcement composite system according to the invention is perfectly adapted for a beam repair against flexural requirements (bending moment).
[0370]
[0371] IV.4 Evaluation of the surface cohesion of the network / matrix reinforcing composite according to the invention, on a concrete support
[0372]
[0373] Type of test:
[0374]
[0375] In order to verify the performance of the grid / matrix reinforcing composite according to the invention, against the detachment requirements, the surface cohesion tests have been carried out following the procedure described in the standard EN ISO 4624 Paint and varnish, tests of traction, referenced in the general standard NF P98-284-1 [September 1992 Tests relating to roadways - Products for sealing in civil works - Resistance to cracking caused - Part 1: test for foundry products that adhere to the support. The adhesion of the compound on a concrete-type support is thus measured by a direct tensile test].
[0376]
[0377] Dimensions of the test body:
[0378]
[0379] The concrete intended to make the slabs is defined by a compressive strength in 28 slits of at least 30 MPa. The carbon / glass grid system according to the invention put into practice, involves a single grating pasted by the cement matrix. It is applied in a single layer on the surface of the latter. The thickness of the composite system, once hardened, is 3.0mm ± 0.2mm. Then, after the threading, the metallic pads, in quantity of 6, are glued thanks to an epoxy mortar whose tensile strength is greater than 10 MPa.
[0380]
[0381] Instruments:
[0382]
[0383] The adhesive used is SATEC ( figure 12 in which ( 120): outer ring - ( 121): metal pellets - ( 122): composite system - ( 123): concrete support). It allows to manually apply a tensile stress with a constant speed until rupture in a span of 90 s.
[0384]
[0385] Results / Conclusions:
[0386]
[0387] The average adhesion stress, defined by the ratio of the average burst load to the nominal surface of the pellet, is calculated in this way. The latter, equal to 2.1 MPa, is greater than 2 MPa. In addition, the observed break is of cohesive type, rupture in the concrete of the substrate. The combination of these two results confirms that the grid / matrix composite system according to the invention is adapted to the reinforcement of concrete works or masonry works.
[0388]
[0389] IV.5 Experimental results of beams under flexion (bending moment) reinforced with composite material LANKOSTRUCTURE TRM
[0390] Type of test:
[0391]
[0392] The objective is to quantify the performancies of the network / matrix composite system according to the invention in the case of the repair of a reinforced concrete beam against bending demands (bending moment). For this evaluation, a sizing is carried out according to a regulatory approach and in accordance with the experimental means available in the laboratory. This dimensioning is carried out until the ELU (Ultimate Limit State) and the prerequisites are as follows:
[0393]
[0394] - Protect against breakage by cutting effort
[0395] - Rupture of the beam in reinforced concrete in pivot A (valorisation of the reinforcements)
[0396] - Free yourself from the interaction of the cutting effort (bending 4 points)
[0397] A maximum breaking load of 12 tons is thus considered. In addition, the beam is deliberately damaged prior to the implementation of the grid / matrix composite system according to the invention and the plasticization of the tensioned frames (rates of residual deformation of the order of 350 ^ m / m) constitutes the damage criterion considered.
[0398]
[0399] Dimensions of the test body:
[0400]
[0401] Figure 13 of beam V reinforced by a carbon / glass grid system according to the invention involving a single network covered by the cement matrix and which is in the form of a band 200 of width corresponding to the width of the beam is 150mm, and of length equal to 195 cm, be 5 cm less than the useful length of the beam tested, to be released from a parasitic contact between the reinforcement element and the support. The thickness of the composite system, once hardened, is 3.0mm ± 0.15mm.
[0402]
[0403] Instruments:
[0404]
[0405] The tests are carried out on an adapted bending frame. It is a 4-point bend f1 f2 f3 f4 (see Fig. 13). To get rid of the cutting effort in its central part. The load is applied progressively (static) monotonous until rupture. The piloting is done in force (regular load ascent). The instruments adopted are constituted by:
[0406]
[0407] - a force sensor with a capacity of 200 kN;
[0408] - strain gauges 201 (120 ohms) arranged at the top of beam V.
[0409] - a displacement sensor 202 (LVDT ± 25mm) arranged at the center of the beam
[0410]
[0411] As a complement, the comparative evolution of the opening of the fissures in the central part of the beam is established by an image correlation system.
[0412] Results / Conclusions:
[0413]
[0414] The load-arrow curves associated with the two beams coming from the same batch (the healthy reference beam VR and beam V in reinforced concrete damaged and repaired with the help of the grid / matrix reinforcement system according to the invention) (figure 14) ) illustrate qualitatively similar behaviors, although the initial rigidity of the reinforced beam V by the grid / matrix composite system according to the invention is less due to the fact of its damage before its repair.
[0415]
[0416] Beyond this zone, of low extension, which translates the macroscopic integrity of the reference beam VR, the slope of the beam V reinforced by the grid / matrix composite system according to the invention, is slightly higher than the fact that there is a effective bridge of the cracks. Then, a last non-linear zone is evident, which translates the progressive degradation of the beam (essentially steel frameworks) and, where appropriate, the reinforcement reported. From a quantitative point of view, it appears clearly that the grid / matrix composite system according to the invention contributes to defer the "inflection" point (referred to as the "plastification threshold") in relation to the reference beam VR. Thus, an increase of the order of 20% is found in terms of breaking load and an increase of the order of 10% is established in terms of the plasticizing load of the steel frames.
[0417]
[0418] With regard to the opening of unitary crack, qualitatively very similar behaviors are observed. However, the effect of the reinforcement of the grid / matrix composite system according to the invention is clearly evident. In effect, the unitary opening of crack is reduced in a very significant way for an equivalent load level, and this up to high levels of load that correspond to those contemplated in the ELS (Service Limit State) in which the problems related to the opening of cracks are central.
[0419]
[0420] Type of test:
[0421]
[0422] The objective is to quantify the performances associated with the grid / matrix composite system according to the invention in the case of the repair of a beam in reinforced concrete against demands of cutting effort. For this evaluation, a sizing is carried out according to a regulatory approach (BAEL and EUROCODE 2) and according to the experimental means available in the laboratory, the prerequisites for this sizing are as follows:
[0423] - Protect against the breaking of the bending moment
[0424] - Locate the rupture on one side for a better apprehension of physical phenomena - Rupture of the beam by deflection- "pure" (macro oblique fissure)
[0425]
[0426] Dimensions of the test body:
[0427]
[0428] The composite grating / reinforcement matrix system according to the invention is implemented on the beam according to two configurations:
[0429] - V1: 1 single continuous band of 650mm over the entire contour
[0430] - V2: 8 bands 30 mm wide on the sides and bottom
[0431] The useful length of the tested beams is 2m. The thickness of the composite system, once hardened, is 3.0 mm ± 0.25 mm.
[0432]
[0433] Instruments:
[0434]
[0435] The instruments are constituted by:
[0436] - 2 strain gauges (120 ohms) arranged on the frames (1 on the transverse steels of the sub-dimensioned part, the last one is attached to the central part of the longitudinal steels)
[0437] -1 displacement sensor (LVDT ± 25mm) placed in the middle of the arcade of the beams -1 capacity force sensor 50 kN
[0438]
[0439] Results / Conclusions:
[0440] The load-arrow curves obtained confirm the very good conditions of the grid / matrix composite system according to the invention for repair and / or reinforcement against the shearing stress (Figure 15).
[0441]
[0442] The grid / matrix composite system according to the invention contributes significantly to the increase of the ultimate load in relation to the reference beam VR. Thus, deviations are presented roughly from 15 to 20% which is all the more satisfactory since only one layer of compound was put into practice.
[0443]
[0444] In addition, a zoom on a local scale makes it possible to emphasize the suitability of the grid / matrix composite reinforcement system according to the invention (independently of the configuration considered) in order to generate a level of deformation of the steel that is very significantly greater than that of the reference beam VR. This parameter is an indicator of the level of ductility of the structure element.

权利要求:
Claims (13)
[1]
1. Composite system for consolidation of works, especially reinforced concrete or masonry, including the system a textile reinforcing grid (1) and a hardenable matrix adapted to intermix uniformly through said reinforcing grid (1), including said grid reinforcement (1) of at least one formed layer:
on the one hand, by a frame (2) constituted by warp filaments (2 ° c) and woven filaments (2 ° t, 2 ° t ', 2 ° t ") planes;
and, on the other hand, by a tying net (3) of the frame (2);
CHARACTERIZED because the tying net (3) is adapted to join the warp filaments (2 ° c) and weft filaments (2 ° t, 2 ° t ', 2 ° t ") of the frame (2) and presents slits which have a geometric regularity, is such that ensures the dimensional stability under effort of the meshes of the frame (2), before applying the grid (1) on the work to be consolidated, and by the fact that the network of tying (3) ) is an armor constituted by warp elements (3 ° c) and by raster elements (3 ° t), and because this armor is without gauze, each warp element (3 ° c) comprising said armor at least two strands of tying, preferably two, and each raster element (3 ° t) of said armature comprising at least one strand of tying, preferably one,
and by the fact that the warp filaments (2c) and the framing filaments (2 ° t) of the frame are superimposed, so that even if they are not fastened together in their contact zones, the flat warp filaments ( 2c) are trapped between the weft filaments (2 ° t) of the frame and the weft elements (3 ° t) of the tying net (3).
[2]
2. System according to claim 1 CHARACTERIZED the deformation of a sample of said textile reinforcing grid (1) of 40x40 cm suspended by its two upper corners in a vertical plane, subjected to a tensile stress by a mass of 2 kg hooked to the center of the lower edge of the sample, is less than or equal to 5 cm.
[3]
System according to any one of claims 1 to 2, characterized in that at least a part of the filaments of the grid (1) are coated / impregnated with at least one polymer, preferably chosen in the group that includes, or better still consists of:
the (meth) acrylic (co) polymers, advantageously selected from the subgroup which includes-or better still consists of- the alkyl ester copolymers which advantageously includes 1 to 8 carbon atoms, with acrylic acid, or methacrylic acid, especially those chosen in the family that includes-or better still, preferably consists of methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, ethyl hexyl acrylate and their corresponding ones with methacrylic acid; and its mixtures;
the (co) polymers of vinyl esters advantageously selected in the sub-group which includes-or better still consists of- the homopolymers and the vinyl acetate copolymers, especially those chosen in the family that includes-or better still constituted by-the vinyl acetate and ethylene copolymers, vinyl chloride (co) polymers such as vinyl chloride and ethylene copolymers, vinyl laurate (co) polymers, vinyl versatate (co) polymers, (co) polymers of vinyl esters of alpha monocarboxylic acids, saturated or not, branched or unbranched, advantageously including 9 or 10 carbon atoms, the homopolymers of vinyl esters of alkyl carboxylic acids, saturated or not, branched or not, which advantageously includes from 3 to 8 carbon atoms, copolymers of these latter homopolymers with ethylene, vinyl chloride, and / or other vinyl esters; and its mixtures;
the (co) polymers of styrene with butadiene or with one or more acrylic esters advantageously selected from the sub-group including - or better yet, constituted by the ethylenically unsaturated alkyl esters which advantageously includes from 1 to 8 carbon atoms of acid ( met) acrylic, preferably methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, ethyl hexyl acrylate and their homologs with methacrylic acid; and its mixtures;
the thermo-fusible (co) polymers, advantageously selected in the sub-group which includes-or better still consists of- the polyethylenes, the polypropylenes, the polyesters, the polyamides, the ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) copolymers, and its mixtures; and its mixtures.
[4]
System according to any one of claims 1 to 3 characterized in that the weft filaments (2 ° t) and the warp filaments (2 ° c) of the frame (2) are comprised in two parallel planes.
[5]
5. System according to claim 1 characterized in that:
each warp element of the reinforcement comprises two warp tie filaments (3ii ° c2, 3i ° c1) and each weft element of the weave comprises a weft tie filament (3 ° t),
one of the two strands of tying passes through the same side C1 of all the frame strands of the frame,
the other warp-tie filament passes on the same side C2 opposite C1 of all the weft filaments of the frame,
between two successive weft filaments of the framework, the warp binding filaments (3ii ° c2, 3i ° c1) are crossed before the weft bundle filament (3 ° t), they pass through one and another part of the binding filament of raster (3 ° t) and then cross again to enclose the frame filament of the frame.
[6]
System according to any one of claims 1 to 5 characterized in that the curable matrix comprises:
100 parts dry weight of binder;
1 - 4000 parts dry weight, and in an increasing order preferably, 5 -2000 parts dry weight; 10 - 1000 parts dry weight; 20 - 500 parts of dry weight of mineral charges;
0.01 - 1000 parts dry weight, and in an increasing order preferably, 0.05-800 parts dry weight; 0.1-500 parts dry weight; 0.5 - 200 parts dry weight; 1-50 parts dry weight with at least one resin;
0-500 parts dry weight of additives, and preferably 0.01-50 parts dry weight.
[7]
7. Procedure for consolidating works in reinforced concrete or masonry CHARACTERIZED because it comprises the step of mixing the system matrix according to any of claims 1 to 6, with a liquid, preferably water, to obtain a wet matrix and to bind the grid (1 ) of said system.
[8]
8. Method according to claim 7, characterized in that it comprises the step of projecting the wet matrix onto the work, preferably by means of a pump, placing the net on the non-hardened matrix and carrying out a pasting of the grid, preferably with the help of a trowel.
[9]
9. Method according to claim 8, characterized in that said steps of projecting the wet matrix, placing the net on the matrix and pasting the grid are repeated "n" times, "n" being between 1 and 3, being able to carry these operations on the surface of the matrix previously projected and not hardened or at least partially hardened.
[10]
10. Process according to any of claims 7-9, CHARACTERIZED because it comprises the step of mixing a liquid, preferably water, with all or part of the components of the matrix, then incorporating the rest of the components progressively in the mixture, if this has not been done previously.
[11]
11. Process according to any of claims 7-10, characterized in that the structure has an elastic tensile modulus MTE less than or equal to, in MPa and in a preferred increasing order 100,000, 80,000, 70,000 MPa.
[12]
12. Use of a grid according to the system of any of claims 1-6, CHARACTERIZED to consolidate especially a reinforced concrete or masonry work, by pasting, with the aid of a hardenable matrix mixed with a liquid, preferably water.
[13]
13. Use of a composite structure obtained with the method according to any of claims 7-11, to increase the resistance to the seismic loads of a work in reinforced concrete or masonry.

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同族专利:

公开号 | 公开日

US20180230050A1|2018-08-16|

DE112016003442T5|2018-05-09|

US11168025B2|2021-11-09|

GB2557756A|2018-06-27|

FR3039577A1|2017-02-03|

AR105529A1|2017-10-11|

CN108350623B|2021-07-06|

ES2696427R1|2019-02-07|

CL2018000248A1|2018-05-11|

PH12018500214A1|2018-08-13|

WO2017017393A1|2017-02-02|

EP3329043A1|2018-06-06|

SG11201800691PA|2018-02-27|

GB201801454D0|2018-03-14|

ES2696427B1|2019-11-14|

CN108350623A|2018-07-31|

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优先权:

申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题

FR1557336A|FR3039577A1|2015-07-30|2015-07-30|COMPOSITE SYSTEM AND CONSOLIDATION METHOD, IN PARTICULAR ARTICLES OF ARMED CONCRETE OR CURABLE OR HARDENED MATERIAL MASONRY, AND TEXTILE REINFORCEMENT GRID CONSTITUTING THIS SYSTEM|

PCT/FR2016/051991|WO2017017393A1|2015-07-30|2016-07-29|Composite system and method for reinforcing, in particular, structures made from reinforced concrete or masonry comprising a curable or cured matrix and textile reinforcement grid constituting said system|

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